The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, were also important inspirations for modernist writers. Frazer (1854–1941), Karl Marx (1818–83) ( Das Kapital, 1867), and the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), among others.
The movement was influenced by the ideas of Charles Darwin (1809–82) ( On Origin of Species) (1859), Ernst Mach (1838–1916), Henri Bergson (1859–1941), Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), James G. In the early 20th-century literary modernism developed in the English-speaking world due to a general sense of disillusionment with the Victorian era attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and belief in the idea of objective truth. In the mid-twentieth-century major writers started to appear in the various countries of the British Commonwealth, including several Nobel laureates. Forster, Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf, and D. British modernists include Joseph Conrad, E. Eliot and Ezra Pound and novelist William Faulkner, were other important modernists. Irish writers were especially important in the twentieth-century, including James Joyce and later Samuel Beckett, both central figures in the Modernist movement. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature. Modernism is a major literary movement of the first part of the twentieth-century. It also includes, to some extent, the United States, though the main article for that is American literature. This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland, as well as literature in English from former British colonies. Main articles: American literature, Scottish literature, Irish literature, and Welsh literature in English
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